Ideologjite Politike dhe Demokracia

CHAPTER 3: POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES
Political ideology as a more or less coherent set of ideas that provide a basis for organised political action, whether this is intended to preserve, modify or overthrow the existing power system (pp. 42-3).
Liberalism as an ideology rooted in the core principle of individualism and reflecting commitment to individual freedom, reason, equality, toleration, consent and constitutionalism (pp. 42-5).
Classical liberalism as characterised by belief in 'possessive' individualism, 'negative' liberty, a minimal or 'nightwatchman' state and free-market economics (p. 45).
Modern liberalism as characterised by an acceptance of economic and social interventionism based on a belief in 'developmental' individualism and 'positive' freedom (pp. 45-6).
Conservatism as an ideology characterised by a desire to conserve, based on respect for tradition, social duty, authority and a recognition of human imperfection (pp. 46-8).
Paternalistic conservatism as a recognition of the need for social reform based on a pragmatic fear of revolution and a belief in duty and moral responsibility (pp. 48-9).
The New Right as an ideological trend within conservatism that embraces a blend of market individualism and social authoritarianism, represented, respectively, by neoliberalism and neoconservatism (pp. 49-50).
Socialism as an ideology rooted in opposition to capitalism and characterised by a belief in community, co-operation, social equality and common ownership (pp. 51-2).
Marxism as the theoretical system devised by Karl Marx, characterised by a belief in historical materialism, dialectical change and the use of class analysis; the theoretical basis of twentieth-century communism (pp. 52-5).
Orthodox communism as 'Marxism in practice', influenced by Leninism (particularly the theory of the party) and Stalinism (particularly state collectivisation and central planning) (pp. 55-6).
Modern Marxism as 'western Marxism', a more complex and subtle form of Marxism influenced by Hegelian and other ideas (pp. 56-7).
Social democracy as an ideological stance reflecting a compromise between an acceptance of capitalism as the only reliable mechanism for generating wealth and desire to distribute wealth in accordance with moral, rather than market, principles (pp. 57-8).
The 'third way' as the idea of an alternative to both capitalism and socialism, based, in its modern version, on the values of opportunity, responsibility and community (pp. 58-9).
Fascism as an ideology characterised by a belief in anti-rationalism, struggle, absolute leadership, elitism and extreme nationalism; fascism encompasses Nazism as a form of 'fascism plus racialism' (pp. 59-60).
Anarchism as an ideology committed to the abolition of the state and the outright rejection of political authority, based on an unqualified belief in liberty and equality (pp. 60-1).
Feminism as an ideology committed to promoting the social role of women and, in most cases, dedicated to the goal of gender equality (pp. 61-2).
Environmentalism as a concern with protecting or conserving nature; as an ideology, in the form of ecologism, it is based on an anthropocentric or human-centred perspective (pp. 62-3).
Religious fundamentalism as the belief that political and social life should be organised on the basis of essential or original religious principles, commonly supported by a belief in the literal truth of sacred texts (pp. 63-4).
The idea of an end of ideology as the belief that the stock of political ideas has been exhausted; more recently revived in the idea of an 'end of history' (pp. 64-5).
CHAPTER 4: DEMOCRACY
Democracy as government of the people, by people and for the people, although 'the people' have been conceived in different ways (pp. 68-9).
Direct democracy as popular self-government, distinguished from representative democracy as indirect democracy operating through election (pp. 69-71).
Classical democracy, or Athenian democracy, as a system of government by mass meetings (pp. 72-3).
Protective democracy as a form of democracy in which consent is used to protect citizens from the encroachment of government (pp. 73-4).
Developmental democracy as a form of democracy which aims to broaden popular participation for both individual and wider social benefit (pp. 74-6).
People's democracy as a class-based form of democracy which aims to articulate the interests of the proletariat, often through the vehicle of a revolutionary party (pp. 76-77).
Liberal democracy as the dominant real-world democratic model, based on electoral competition and a clear distinction between the state and civil society (pp. 77-8).
The pluralist view of liberal democracy as open competition amongst competing groups, ensuring a wide dispersal of political power (pp. 78-9).
The elitist view of liberal democracy as rule by the few, whether a coherent or a fractured elite (pp. 79-80).
The corporatist view of liberal democracy as the incorporation of major interests and particularly key economic groups into the processes of government (pp. 80-2).
The New Right view of liberal democracy as a warning against 'democratic overload': the paralysis of a political system subjected to unrestrained group and electoral pressures (p. 82).
The Marxist view of liberal democracy as a sham that protects bourgeois class interests behind a facade of popular control and political equality (pp. 82-3).